You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea (slightly … Its capacity to do so is much less because the Pb–Pb bond energy is over three and a half times lower than that of the C–C bond. [110] The top three producers of refined lead were China, the United States, and India. ... Failure to get enough iodine from the diet can lead to hypothyroidism. In today’s times when obesity has become a serious problem due to our sedentary lifestyles, eating vegetables (except a few like peas and sweet potato) is an easy way to keep a check on your calorie consumption. [175][176] The impact was significant: while a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States in 1976–1980 showed that 77.8% of the population had elevated blood lead levels, in 1991–1994, a study by the same institute showed the share of people with such high levels dropped to 2.2%. [171] At this time, more (working class) people were exposed to the metal and lead poisoning cases escalated. Plumbane may be obtained in a reaction between metallic lead and atomic hydrogen. This watering guide assumes summer vegetables and good, moderately-rich soil. [232] Lead tetraacetate and lead dioxide are used as oxidizing agents in organic chemistry. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Seaweed species such as kelps provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species and … [84] With carbon, lead forms organolead compounds similar to, but generally less stable than, typical organic compounds[85] (due to the Pb–C bond being rather weak). [94] The abundance of lead in the Solar System since its formation 4.5 billion years ago has increased by about 0.75%. Lead tetrachloride (a yellow oil) decomposes at room temperature, lead tetrabromide is less stable still, and the existence of lead tetraiodide is questionable. [262], The use of lead for water pipes is a problem in areas with soft or acidic water. [291], Lead waste, depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the waste, may be treated as household waste (to facilitate lead abatement activities),[292] or potentially hazardous waste requiring specialized treatment or storage. [284] A large drop in lead deposition occurred in the Netherlands after the 1993 national ban on use of lead shot for hunting and sport shooting: from 230 tonnes in 1990 to 47.5 tonnes in 1995. [111], The modern English word "lead" is of Germanic origin; it comes from the Middle English leed and Old English lēad (with the macron above the "e" signifying that the vowel sound of that letter is long). [169] By 1900, the United States was the leader in global lead production, and other non-European nations—Canada, Mexico, and Australia—had begun significant production; production outside Europe exceeded that within. It was less damaging to iron gun barrels, had a higher density (which allowed for better retention of velocity), and its lower melting point made the production of bullets easier as they could be made using a wood fire. Lead's toxicity has led to its phasing out for some uses. One hypothesis suggests it is derived from Proto-Indo-European *lAudh- ("lead"; capitalization of the vowel is equivalent to the macron). [160] Concerns have been raised that lead bullets used for hunting can damage the environment. Otherwise, they are too yin. [86], The lead analog of the simplest organic compound, methane, is plumbane. [265], Ingestion of applied lead-based paint is the major source of exposure for children: Chronic, high-level exposure has been shown to reduce fertility in males. The sum of all elements per 10. [258], Lead exposure is a global issue since lead mining and smelting, and battery manufacturing/disposal/recycling, are common in many countries. In my opinion, freshly cracked pepper and a good sea salt make a world of a difference from traditional salt and pepper! ... to the water table. Diamond cubic structures with lattice parameters around the lattice parameter of silicon exists both in thin lead and tin films, and in massive lead and tin, freshly solidified in vacuum of ~5 x 10. The lead sulfide concentrate is melted in a furnace and oxidized, forming lead monoxide. Almost all inhaled lead is absorbed into the body; for ingestion, the rate is 20–70%, with children absorbing a higher percentage than adults. ... Phytoplankton is an important source of oxygen production in seas and many larger sea-animals eat it. Not only were they able to better preserve the nutrition of the printed food, they also made … ", "Human Activity Has Polluted European Air for 2000 Years", "The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health", Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress, "Oddy Tests: Adding the Analytical Dimension", "Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults", "Interior secretary repeals ban on lead bullets", "Did removing lead from petrol spark a decline in crime? Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! Flip the veggies halfway through baking time: Around the 20 minute mark of roasting these veggies, make sure to flip and stir the vegetables around a bit. READ MORE: * Anxious mum says free vegetables offer 'the least they could do' after water scare * Lead in water not from gold mining operation, company says * … Try to add one vegetable at a time and wait for a few days before introducing a new one. The effects of biomagnification in top predators, and the following decrease in abundance, came into light during the 1960s, and in the 1970s the white-tailed sea eagle (Halietus albicilla), otter (Lutra lutra), and seals, for example, the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) gave the consequences of toxic pollution a face in the Baltic Sea… [119] The Ancient Egyptians were the first to use lead minerals in cosmetics, an application that spread to Ancient Greece and beyond;[120] the Egyptians may have used lead for sinkers in fishing nets, glazes, glasses, enamels, and for ornaments. [110], Typical background concentrations of lead do not exceed 0.1 μg/m3 in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; and 5 μg/L in freshwater and seawater. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. [214] Organ pipes are often made from a lead alloy, mixed with various amounts of tin to control the tone of each pipe. Iodized salt was first sold in the United States in 1924 in an effort to reduce the incidence of goiter, an issue plaguing the country’s “goiter belt” – stretching from the areas surrounding the Great Lakes to the inland regions of the Pacific Northwest. Quickly introducing fresh foods can lead to digestive issues. It found that the levels of cadmium, aluminum and lead in 4 grams of each seaweed did not pose any serious health risks . With only 161 residences, the community offers intimacy and sophistication. [237] Lead-based semiconductors such as lead telluride and lead selenide are used in photovoltaic cells and infrared detectors. [183] There are two major categories of production: primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap. [152][158] Lead was a key material in parts of the printing press, and lead dust was commonly inhaled by print workers, causing lead poisoning. Pliny incorrectly wrote that stibnite would give lead on heating, instead of antimony. [147], During the classical era (and even up to the 17th century), tin was often not distinguished from lead: Romans called lead plumbum nigrum ("black lead"), and tin plumbum candidum ("bright lead"). [257] The rise and fall in exposure to airborne lead from the combustion of tetraethyl lead in gasoline during the 20th century has been linked with historical increases and decreases in crime levels, a hypothesis which is not universally accepted. The word *ɸloud-io- is thought to be the origin of Proto-Germanic *bliwa- (which also means "lead"), from which stemmed the German Blei. [252], Symptoms of lead poisoning include nephropathy, colic-like abdominal pains, and possibly weakness in the fingers, wrists, or ankles. [112] The Old English word is derived from the hypothetical reconstructed Proto-Germanic *lauda- ("lead"). [80], Negative oxidation states can occur as Zintl phases, as either free lead anions, as in Ba2Pb, with lead formally being lead(−IV),[81] or in oxygen-sensitive ring-shaped or polyhedral cluster ions such as the trigonal bipyramidal Pb52− ion, where two lead atoms are lead(−I) and three are lead(0). In low concentrations, as well as acting as a lubricant, the globules hinder the formation of swarf as the alloy is worked, thereby improving machinability. [135], Heinz Eschnauer and Markus Stoeppler"Wine—An enological specimen bank", 1992[136], The Roman author Vitruvius reported the health dangers of lead[137] and modern writers have suggested that lead poisoning played a major role in the decline of the Roman Empire. [95] The solar system abundances table shows that lead, despite its relatively high atomic number, is more prevalent than most other elements with atomic numbers greater than 40. They also increase the detoxification of carcinogens and other toxins from our bodies. [199] Refining of secondary lead is similar to that of primary lead; some refining processes may be skipped depending on the material recycled and its potential contamination. The tetrahedral allotrope of tin is called α- or gray tin and is stable only at or below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). [152][153] The largest production of lead occurred in South and East Asia, especially China and India, where lead mining grew rapidly. [267], Skin exposure may be significant for people working with organic lead compounds. We hope you enjoy this website. [213] Lead has no natural resonance frequencies;[213] as a result, sheet-lead is used as a sound deadening layer in the walls, floors, and ceilings of sound studios. The version of record as reviewed is: Mikhail Boldyrev; et al. The harder the water the more calcium bicarbonate and sulfate it will contain, and the more the inside of the pipes will be coated with a protective layer of lead carbonate or lead sulfate. [v] Old houses may still contain lead paint. Carbon (as coke or coal gas[p]) is added to the molten charge along with fluxing agents. [124] Beginning circa 2000 BCE, the Phoenicians worked deposits in the Iberian peninsula; by 1600 BCE, lead mining existed in Cyprus, Greece, and Sardinia. [109] Most other lead minerals are related to galena in some way; boulangerite, Pb5Sb4S11, is a mixed sulfide derived from galena; anglesite, PbSO4, is a product of galena oxidation; and cerussite or white lead ore, PbCO3, is a decomposition product of galena. A further sesquioxide, Pb2O3, can be obtained at high pressure, along with several non-stoichiometric phases. Once electrical potential is applied, impure lead at the anode dissolves and plates onto the cathode, leaving the majority of the impurities in solution. Several studies, mostly cross-sectional, found an association between increased lead exposure and decreased heart rate variability. This causes ineffective heme synthesis and microcytic anemia. An Otago mother says an offer of free fruit and vegetables from the local council following a possible lead contamination in water supplies is “the least they could do”. Further captures result in lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208. If you plan to give them vegetables, do so slowly and monitor them for problems or changes. It remains the main material for bullets, alloyed with other metals as hardeners. [115], The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived from Proto-Germanic *laidijan- ("to lead"). [83], Lead can form multiply-bonded chains, a property it shares with its lighter homologs in the carbon group. [87] Two simple derivatives, tetramethyllead and tetraethyllead, are the best-known organolead compounds. [166] In Africa, lead mining and smelting were known in the Benue Trough[167] and the lower Congo Basin, where lead was used for trade with Europeans, and as a currency by the 17th century,[168] well before the scramble for Africa. [182], As of 2014, production of lead is increasing worldwide due to its use in lead–acid batteries. Many of them show defective fluorite structures in which some oxygen atoms are replaced by vacancies: PbO can be considered as having such a structure, with every alternate layer of oxygen atoms absent. [100] The r-process does not form as much lead as the s-process. The neutron flux involved may be on the order of 1022 neutrons per square centimeter per second. [223] These batteries have lower energy density and charge-discharge efficiency than lithium-ion batteries, but are significantly cheaper. By mimicking calcium, lead can cross the blood–brain barrier. ... to the water table. We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! [87], Lead's per-particle abundance in the Solar System is 0.121 ppb (parts per billion). [106] Many lead minerals are relatively light and, over the course of the Earth's history, have remained in the crust instead of sinking deeper into the Earth's interior. [99] This occurs in environments with a high neutron density, such as a supernova or the merger of two neutron stars. Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82. Potential injuries to regular users of such batteries are not related to lead's toxicity. The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2018). [186], Contrary to popular belief, pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead. Lead disulfide[72] and lead diselenide[73] are only stable at high pressures. ... Failure to get enough iodine from the diet can lead to hypothyroidism. [170] A great share of the demand for lead came from plumbing and painting—lead paints were in regular use. Lead dioxide is a strong oxidizing agent, capable of oxidizing hydrochloric acid to chlorine gas. to add variety to the taste. A specific ion-selective electrode has been developed based on the ionophore S,S'-methylenebis (N,N-diisobutyldithiocarbamate). [178], From 1960 to 1990, lead output in the Western Bloc grew by about 31%. This may lead to reduced food consumption and malnutrition among patients. [295], Research has been conducted on how to remove lead from biosystems by biological means: Fish bones are being researched for their ability to bioremediate lead in contaminated soil. [159] Despite being more expensive than iron, lead also became the chief material for making bullets for firearms. Soft goat cheese and goat yogurt need a little unrefined sea salt added to them. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. [277] Lead was banned for shot and sinkers in the United States in 2017,[278] although that ban was only effective for a month,[279] and a similar ban is being considered in the European Union. Last year, Dorset Council commissioned WPA Environmental to undertake an investigation to establish whether there was any contamination link between the former landfill site at Spittles Lane … An even number of either protons or neutrons generally increases the nuclear stability of isotopes, compared to isotopes with odd numbers. [263] Hard water forms insoluble layers in the pipes whereas soft and acidic water dissolves the lead pipes. [181] As was the case during European industrialization, lead has had a negative effect on health in China. [104], Lead is classified as a chalcophile under the Goldschmidt classification, meaning it is generally found combined with sulfur. Also, eat various seasonal vegetables to try out different tastes. [212], Lead's high density, atomic number, and formability form the basis for use of lead as a barrier that absorbs sound, vibration, and radiation. This … However, it would be best if you were cautious in adding new ingredients to your pet’s diet. [153], In Europe, lead production began to increase in the 11th and 12th centuries, when it was again used for roofing and piping. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. [180] Unlike the European communist countries, China was largely unindustrialized by the mid-20th century; in 2004, China surpassed Australia as the largest producer of lead. [157] During the period, lead was used increasingly for adulterating wine.

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